Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as chronic renal disease (CRD), is a condition in which the kidneys gradually lose control over months or years.
In the stomach cavity, the kidneys are two bean-shaped glands. It is essential for the urinary system, as well as for homeostatic functions such as electrolyte control, acid-base balance management, and blood pressure regulation (via salt and water balance).
1. Renal pyramid | 2. Interlobular artery | 3. Renal artery | 4. Renal vein | 5. Renal hilum | 6. Renal pelvis | 7. Ureter | 8. Minor calyx | 9. Renal capsule | 10. Inferior renal capsule | 11. Superior renal capsule | 12. Interlobular vein | 13. Nephron | 14. Minor calyx | 15. Major calyx | 16. Renal papilla | 17. Renal column
Chronic kidney disease occurs when one suffers from gradual and usually permanent loss of kidney function over time. Water, waste, and toxic compounds that are usually excreted by the kidney accumulate in the body as kidney function is lost.
Diabetes and hypertension are the leading causes of chronic kidney disease. Patients in stage 5 are referred to as end stage or chronic kidney failure patients.
| Stage | Description | GFR*mL/min/1.73m2 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Slight kidney damage with normal or increased filtration | More than 90 |
| 2 | Mild decrease in kidney function | 60-89 |
| 3 | Moderate decrease in kidney function | 30-59 |
| 4 | Severe decrease in kidney function | 15-29 |
| 5 | Kidney failure | Less than 15 (or dialysis) |
There are no FDA-approved stem cell treatment for chronic disease at the moment, but researchers are running clinical trials to see whether stem cell-based therapies for kidney disorders are safe and successful in humans.
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Kidney transplantation is becoming more common. High blood pressure and type 2 diabetes are on the rise in Saudi Arabia, leading to an increase in kidney disease rates. However, there aren't enough organ donors to fulfil the demand. Stem cell treatment for chronic diseases may be an option. Stem Cell treatment is very much effective mainly in case of acute or sub-acute kidney disease cases that means there should me some kidney function remaining (eGFR value should be equal or greater than 20) because if kidney function remaining then stem cell treatment can save remaining kidney function and also regenerate damaged kidney cells and improve some percent of kidney function.
